This is an idea I’ve had for some time now, but only recently started doing anything about it. Anyway…
The problem:
As many of you may know, I study at university. Often the lectures and tutorials are on late at night. Thus, I frequently find myself making my way from or two university in the dark. Many of the areas I walk through are dimly lit, with sparse street lighting and quite a few road crossings. Often the footpath is an uneven surface, and therefore one needs a torch of some kind to see any hazards underfoot. The same torch does improve one’s visibility — but only for those in the torch’s beam.
Headlamps are really nifty torches… freeing both hands. The problem one has though, is that the small compact ones aren’t much good for distance vision, and the big bulky ones chew batteries like they’re going out of fashion. Then there’s the fussing over whether they’re pointed up or down, adjusting head straps…etc. They’re great when camping, and even for walking home of an evening, but the balance between light intensity and battery drain is a big problem, especially when only a limited supply of batteries is on hand. Seldom does one need a high-power beam all the time, but they’re useful to have.
Bike tail-lights are useful for improving one’s visibility to vehicles coming from behind, but they aren’t much help if they’re approaching side-on. And none of these lights will turn themselves off if there’s sufficient ambient light.
My idea:
These problems got me thinking about how I could solve the problem. Does it really need to be solved? Well, it isn’t a big one, so I guess not… but for the sake of it, I’ll try and solve it anyway. LED technology has vastly improved in the last few years, to the point now where they’re talking of using them in street lighting and car headlights (PDF; IEEE Explore subscription required). The big advantage is the high efficiency and low heat of LEDs. A few high-power LEDs should last as long, if not, longer than the incandescent bulb that my present headlamp uses.
My idea revolves around mounting 3 sets of LEDs on a hard hat of some description. Why a hard hat? Well, they’re a rigid structure that I can easily drill holes into and mount components on. Using a full-brim hard hat (rare in Brisbane), it’ll also keep the sun off during the day, thus serving a fourth purpose.
This headlamp would use 3 different LED banks:
- High-Beam LED: Single 1W high-power White LED — mounted above the rim facing forward in the distance.
- Low-Beam LEDs: Three high-intensity 5mm White LEDs — mounted under the rim facing downward.
- Rim LEDs: Twelve high-intensity 5mm Red or Yellow LEDs — mounted around the rim of the hard hat facing outwards.
The high-beam LED would provide the distance lamp… acting like any high-power torch. It’d be focussed slightly below the horizon. The low-beam LEDs would be directed downwards so that they light up an area just in front of the wearer, allowing them to see what they’re doing. The Rim LEDs would be divided into two groups of 6 that flash alternately to warn approaching vehicles at any angle.
Mounted on the top of the hard hat, would be a light-dependant resistor (cadmium-sulfide cell) that detects ambient light, and just underneath, a PCB containing the controller logic for the automatic switching. Then down the side under the rim, would be the switches and threshold pot for controlling the whole circuit.
Each of the functions can be in one of three states, controlled by the user: on, automatic, or off
Controller Circuit:
The key to this headlamp design is the controller circuit. I ended up trying three different circuits before settling on this design. By far, the most simple circuit was based on a IRF630B N-channel power MOSFET.
In this configuration, the CdS cell and potentiometer were wired in a resistor-divider configuration, such that the voltage rose as the light level dropped. This drove the MOSFET’s gate pin, causing it to sink current whenever the light levels were low.
I soon discovered this circuit was no good for high-current devices such as my existing incandescent headlamp. Because the bulb was such a heavy load, it put a heavy strain on the batteries, causing the voltage potential to drop significantly. This in turn, shifted the threshold point on the voltage divider, causing the MOSFET to turn off again, causing the batteries to rise up again… ad nauseum, until the batteries were flat or the user got frustrated and switched to manual modes.
Addition of a relay helped… the ciruit was slightly more stable, increasingly so as large amounts of capacitance were added across the relay, slowing response times. It still was possible to get the whole system into a battery-guzzling oscillating state.
In the end, I turned to the humble 74HC14 Hex Inverting Schmitt Trigger. By turning my voltage divider up-side-down (so voltage rose with light level) I found I could gain the effect I needed. Due to the hysteresis provided by the Schmitt Triggers, the light doesn’t turn off until it gets significantly lighter than the threshold point, and doesn’t turn off until it gets significantly darker. This provided the stability I needed. 
The final design (click image on right, or see SVG or Kicad .sch versions) works as follows. The CdS cell and pot provide the means for detecting the light level. Adjusting the pot will make the circuit more or less sensitive to light. This drives the first Schmitt-Triggered inverter.
The output of this inverter is passed through a BC547C NPN transistor which in turn, drives a small reed relay. This relay is the main switching workhorse, providing a switched 6v rail which hooks to small toggle switches for the low and high-beam LEDs.
For the Rim LEDs, the same schmitt trigger IC could be used to make the oscillators. The Phillips 74HC14 datasheet describes how. I didn’t care much about frequency, so long as it flickered just fast enough to be noticable. To get the alternate flashing action — I set one inverter up as an oscillator, and used it to drive a second inverter. The outputs of both drive individual BC547C transistors, which act as current sinks from the Rim LEDs.
The following two photos show my testing of the circuit on a breadboard.
Bill of Materials
The following is the list of parts for this headlamp, and where I purchased them. Some components can be exchanged to suit one’s needs. At the moment, I haven’t yet bought the 1W LED and power supply which would form the high-beam LED.
| Quantity |
Part Desc |
Supplier. |
Part No. |
Approx. Price each (at time of post) |
| 1 |
Hard Hat |
Blackwoods |
05339960 |
$22.00 |
| 1 |
74HC14 Hex Inverting Schmitt Trigger |
Jaycar |
ZC4821 |
$1.30 |
| 3 |
BC547C NPN Transistor (or similar) |
Jaycar |
ZT2152 |
$0.20 |
| 1 |
5V SPST Reed Relay |
Jaycar |
SY4036 |
$2.95 |
| 3 |
1kOhm Resistor |
Dick Smith Electronics |
R1074 |
$0.04 |
| 1 |
10kOhm Resistor |
Dick Smith Electronics |
R1098 |
$0.04 |
| 1 |
33Ohm Resistor (for low-beam LEDs) |
Dick Smith Electronics |
R1038 |
$0.04 |
| 1 |
10Ohm Resistor (for rim LEDs) |
Dick Smith Electronics |
R1026 |
$0.04 |
| 1 |
33µF Capacitor (electrolytic) |
Dick Smith Electronics |
R4340 |
$0.25 |
| 1 |
Veroboard PCB 95mm×76mm |
Jaycar |
HP9540 |
$3.80 |
| 1 |
1MOhm Potentiometer |
Jaycar |
RP8524 |
$2.50 |
| 1 |
Photoresistor (CdS Cell) |
Jaycar |
RD3480 |
$2.50 |
| 1 |
4×AA battery holder |
Jaycar |
PH9282 |
$2.25 |
| 1 |
1W Constant Current Supply |
Jaycar |
AA0582 |
$19.95 |
| 1 |
1W High-power White LED |
Jaycar |
ZD0508 |
$9.95 |
| 3 |
18000mcd White 5mm LED |
Jaycar |
ZD0195 |
$4.95 |
| 12 |
4000mcd Red 5mm LED |
Jaycar |
ZD0154 |
$0.80 |
| 1 |
Packet of Nylon bolts 12×3mm |
Jaycar |
HP0140 |
$2.65 |
| 1 |
Packet of Nylon bolts 25×3mm |
Jaycar |
HP0142 |
$3.00 |
| 1 |
Packet of Nylon nuts 3mm |
Jaycar |
HP0146 |
$2.50 |
| 3 |
DP3T Switch |
Dick Smith Electronics |
R7614 |
$0.98 |
Assembly
Construction of this headlamp will require drilling holes into the shell of the hard hat. So once complete, I wouldn’t go using it on a construction site. To mount the rim LEDs, I found the best way to do it was to use a 3mm drill to make the hole, then use a screwdriver to widen the hole so it was just big enough to accomodate the LED. The LED was then forced into the hole, plugging it — friction holds it in place.
The switches were small enough to mount using double-sided tape just inside the hard hat. A small piece of PCB was used to mount the potentiometer, allowing it to be fastened to the underside of the rim using a nylon nut & bolt.
The low-beam LEDs were mounted onto a small PCB with the current-limiting resistor, and fixed to the front of the hard hat using masking tape (yeah, dodgy I know) — some cardboard prevents the light from shining into the wearer’s eyes.
The main PCB and battery pack were fitted inside the shell of the hard hat — two 25mm long bolts hold the battery pack in place, while one 12mm bolt holds the PCB in place. The actual components are placed on the PCB according to the PCB board design shown to the right (click for larger image).
Final Product (almost)
Well, I haven’t bought the high-beam LED yet, that’s for later. The end result however, works great. I first used it at Riverfire 2007 and found it very convenient. At the time I had lost the LDR, so had to buy one yesterday, which I fitted last night. The unit now automatically switches off if the light levels are sufficient. As far as appearance, it doesn’t look that different to an ordinary hard hat, until you switch the LEDs on. These show the hard hat, before modifications, after, and what it looks like in action.
Safety & commercial considerations
It’s worth noting that although this hard hat would’ve been manufactured to meet AS/NZS 1801. I’ve destroyed this rating by drilling holes and inserting electronics. This project might still survive the double impact tests needed — but it’s never been tested, and isn’t intended to. I just wanted a hat that shaded me by day, and lit my path by night.
If this idea prooves popular, I could see it being adapted into a removable brim that sits over a hard hat/cap. The actual electronics cost over $60 … so embedding it into a hard hat on a commercial basis is not economic, since hard hats have a limited lifespan and need to be replaced every few years. So the headlamp would need to be detachable.
Update: 22nd November
Well, having used it now for two months, the idea has worked great. One set of 4×AA batteries lasts about 2 months, with moderate usage — and even then everything still worked, just the light was getting a little dim. I’ve since added the high-beam 1W LED (the supply for it wound up costing about $40, but anyway) and extended the brim so that it provides additional shade during the day.
The photo on the left shows what it looks like now. There has been one minor technical problem, in that the relay occasionally sticks — I’m investigating whether I replace this with something solid-state such as a P-channel power MOSFET which should do the job nicely. The only other one is the odd social problem — of people asking if you’re expecting a disaster, but once they’re used to seeing me wear it, this usually isn’t an issue. 
Update 2009-06-05: I did get around to making a P-MOSFET version. See the schematic in
PDF or
gschem. The circuit can theoretically use any P-MOSFET rated at 1A current for Q1… this one uses the IRF9540N available from Jaycar (which is overkill). I use BC547Cs for Q2 and Q3. CONN1 connects to the adjustment pot (use a 2M? one), CONN2 connects to the LDR. R1 and R2 may be omitted, but are present to allow the circuit to operate if either the pot or LDR connections are broken. CONN3 and CONN4 connect to your low and high beam LED banks. CONN5 connect to the two warning LED banks. R4 and C1 control the rate of oscillation… any value can be used, see the NXP 74HC14 datasheet for details on how to calculate these.
